Sample Successful Refugee Claim Canada Essay

Sample Successful Refugee Claim Canada EssayIn order to be prepared for any refugee claim in Canada, you should prepare a sample successful refugee claim in Canada essay. This is a sample that outlines all of the points that need to be covered in your legal documents. By writing out all of the details of your legal situation and describing what happened during the time that you were seeking asylum, you will be able to help yourself from running into legal problems that are commonly encountered.Once you have obtained a refugee claim from the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, you will then have to file your papers. The Immigration and Refugee Board will require that you go through a process called 'enhanced protection'. This process can include the filing of a human rights complaint, a hearing before an independent review board, or a full review by the Immigration and Refugee Board itself.Writing a sample successful refugee claim in Canada essay will allow you to anticipate the various steps involved in the application process. A sample of a successful claim Canada essay will also help you avoid mistakes that you might make in trying to complete the necessary paperwork. There are many mistakes that people make when they first become refugees. If you are a lawyer or legal assistant, writing a sample of a successful claim Canada essay can be a valuable tool.Before writing out your samples, you should first get rid of all information that you do not want anyone to know about your case. Many lawyers will leave all of their clients' personal information on their files. If you have anything to hide, there is no need to provide this information to others.A sample of a successful claim Canada essay will also include detailed instructions on how to handle legal issues during the legal process of applying for a refugee claim. You should include all of the main steps that you should take when submitting documents and communications with the Refugee Board. These may i nclude whether or not you are allowed to interview at your local government office, and you should be ready to provide copies of your work experience.You should also include any documents that you may have access to find, such as newsletters, news reports, letters, magazines, and so forth. You should also provide anything that will be used to prove you were subjected to torture. These are all things that can be used during the refugee claim that will help demonstrate to the Refugee Board why you are a real refugee.If you are trying to use samples of a successful claim Canada essay to help you prepare for the next step in the process, then you should also include that information in your letters to the Independent Review Board. You should also include any other resources that will be used to prove your claims to be a real refugee. These might include books or pamphlets on the subject, as well as documents from other places that would help you with your claims. Your sample of a succes sful claim Canada essay should include everything you need to prove that you are a genuine refugee.Once you have collected all of the items that you think you will need in order to properly prepare for your refugee claim, then you should be able to write out your samples. Although this may seem like a lot of work, it will save you lots of time and keep you from getting lost in the legal world of Canada's immigration system. It will also give you a good idea of what you should include in your documents.

Essay Writing Services Vs Essay Writing Skills

Essay Writing Services Vs Essay Writing SkillsAre essay writing services legit? The answer is yes. However, the question can be more complex than what most people think.In order to produce average or good-not to mention standard essays, you must use some of the simple techniques that will make you discover the power and essence of writing essays. This is why most students also prefer writing a thesis or dissertation as they are said to test their writing abilities. The college of choice also carries some simple norms that you need to keep in mind when creating an essay. These standards are to be followed by all writers in order to make good use of these basics in essay writing.Write a topic that is interesting and logical. If you are writing on some topics that are difficult to write, you need to change your topic for an easier one. This may not be a problem if you are not trying to prove something or if you are not striving to meet the academic standards. But if you are trying to pa ss an exam, you need to produce research materials with the use of quality essay writing services. It does not mean that you have to write about something that is boring and uninteresting but you need to make it at least interesting enough.Ask experts from various types of fields to provide you with their opinions and suggestions regarding the subject you want to write about. Use the same method to find out advice from experts in different fields of education, in writing, history, religion, society and other fields. This way, you can make use of information and insights from different backgrounds and perspectives that will make you able to write well.Quality writing starts with the use of the vocabulary that is appropriate for your subject. Remember that in writing, you are communicating with your readers in different ways. Sometimes you will read sentences that you do not understand and you will write in a strong manner. Use words that will lead the reader to believe that you have written in a clear and consistent manner.The next step to writing good essays is choosing the right topic to include in your document. If you are writing for your own reference, the topic that you are writing about is very important. You need to consider the kind of degree you are applying for, the other degree you have studied, and the subject of your writing. Do not think that just because you are writing about something on your own that you do not need to concern yourself with the topic that you are writing about. As I mentioned above, research on your subject is very important so you will need to be able to check the background of the topic. You will also need to make sure that you will not have to rewrite it later on.Remember that there are rules for grammar and punctuation. It is necessary that you keep these rules in mind while creating your essay. Your essay writing service will definitely guide you on the proper ways to construct sentences and grammatical constructs. Thus, you will have to make sure that you keep the rules in mind when writing.Writing in a way that relates to the article is another best tip when writing an essay. Do not be concerned with the length of your essay. The only things that matter to your writing is the power and essence of your writing and the qualities that the reader can enjoy. A good writing service will help you write your essay effectively and make sure that you write in a way that will make readers feel your creativity and not annoyed by the tediousness of the essay.

Top Hope Essay Topics Tips!

Top Hope Essay Topics Tips! Life, Death and Hope Essay Topics Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. School tests aren't effective. School should occur in the evenings. Year round school isn't a good idea. Definitions of Hope Essay Topics Just Start If you've got an idea for a company, truly believe it will succeed, and are prepared to push yourself harder than you ever have before, then spend the risk and just begin. Measurement To learn whether or not your PR plan has been successful and to improve the success rate of future plans, it's essential to set a way to assess the plan. Every PR program is developed so as to meet and overcome an issue or gap that's impacting the business adversely. Your PR plans may involve all of your company or only a particular segment or product line. If you would like to compose the essay yourself, we believe it would be best to decide on a universal subject or issue. If you rush into it, you can create a bad choice, and it i s going to be harder work. At times, even when you're writing about an interesting, relevant subject, it's still possible to look immature or unready for college life on account of the direction you present that topic the way you really write your own personal statement. In the event you cannot find your subject here, don't hesitate to have a talk with our staff and put an order for a customized history essay on your specific subject. It's possible to also restate the ideas you've discussed in the body paragraphs in order to make your point valid. A superb instance is when a person is faced with money-related difficulties. The topic ought to be interpreted in a variety of ways, and there's no obvious explanation for it. Therefore, if you begin with a terrible topic, not only will you wind up with a poor essay, but you risk ruining the great impression that the remainder of your application makes. Most Noticeable Hope Essay Topics Choosing wisely will mean that you will select a topic you like and know well which will make the writing process far easier. Employing the essay topics below in combination with the list of important quotes at the base of the webpage, you shouldn't have any trouble connecting with the text and writing a great essay. The introduction should offer general information which will be included in the report. You are a genuine expert in regards to persuasive essay topics. Therefore, it's always far better to compose a positive hope essay. Writing an essay is not ever an easy job. Hope Essay Topics - What Is It? The essay is where to allow the admissions office of your intended college get to understand your personality, character, and the talents and abilities that aren't on your transcript. Every American should learn how to speak English. He should learn to speak Spanish. How to Find Hope Essay Topics on the Web Only then are you going to be in a position to compose a strong essay. It is likewise very important to focus on the second trilogy, the way that it is represented as a prequel. Then, it's far better to inspect the value of the very first trilogy in your Star Wars essays. There isn't any doubt that Star Wars is among the most epic film series that's been ever created in the Americ an cinematography. The procedure that Wiesel endures in order to reach the restoration of hope is simply hinted at, however. Accordingly, above all factors of healing, an individual should have a good deal of hope that it's possible for them to heal. It's only logical to suppose that the deficiency of understanding of the subject prevents you from communicating your ideas in a very clear and persuasive way. There are lots of obstacles. Life is far better than it was 50 decades ago. Hope of succeeding is what leads you to visit college and find work. Financing and Payment Hope's fiscal participation is limited to a single course per semester. Education has become the most powerful weapon of the youth. In the darkness of life's hole, you're trapped in your fear and worries if you don't have hope. Political freedom wasn't something that the women got to enjoy throughout that period of time. Hope often receives a bad rap. Therefore, it is a great way of healing. Hope Ess ay Topics for Dummies The very first step is where a lot of students become stuck. Important psychological studies indicate that ability is crucial, but it's the vehicles which truly get people where they wish to go. Some undesirable topics show admissions officers you don't have a fantastic awareness of judgment or maturity, which is a problem because they are building a category of college students who have in order to deal with independent life on campus. Unfortunately, a deficiency of hope just contributes to the rise in crime in the usa.

Essay on Ancient Greeks Philosophy Change/Motion - 1028 Words

Heraclitus, like many of the beginning philosophers was a monist. His interpretation of the one reality was fire; however, this is not to be taken literally. Heraclitus believed that the â€Å"one† could not be any material thing, but could be found in the orderliness of change and he explained fire as â€Å"always changing yet somehow is always the same.† By having orderliness, there is possibility for the human mind to understand the cosmos instead of it being chaotic and based on the gods’ wills. He believed everything changes all the time and this is occurring through a state of flux where change is constant. Heraclitus claimed that because the rate of change is constant, there is an appearance of permanence. For example, â€Å"one cannot step into†¦show more content†¦You can be asked to think of nothing, and although you can try, there is going to be some form of thought occurring. The first premise of â€Å"what is, is† has four character istics, which are that whatever is, is uncreated, indestructible, eternal and unchanging. In explaining the first characteristic, imagine of something were created. It must be created out of something, but with the premise of monism how can the â€Å"one† be created out of something else. The same is for the â€Å"one† being created out of nothing, and since there is no â€Å"nothing† Parmenides’ conclusion that the â€Å"one† is uncreated is true. The second characteristic in which what is, is indestructible is plausible because to be destroyed would take something out of existence and there is no nothing. Both being uncreated as well as indestructible would make whatever is, be eternal. And finally for whatever is, is unchangeable because for something to be changed, whatever is has to become something else or what it is not. Motion is a special form of change which is a change of place and Parmenides’ disciple Zeno had written many paradoxes explaining motion was impossible. Two of Zeno’s paradoxes were traversing a distance and the second being the story of Achilles and the tortoise. With Zeno’s first paradox, Aristotle had stated â€Å"Before any distance can be traversed half the distance must be traversed.† If you were to continue this process, half of that distance must beShow MoreRelatedGreek Philosopher Xenophanes1392 Words   |  6 PagesXenophanes was a Greek philosopher before the Socratic era whose conception of God was different from other philosophers of his time. Before the evolution of God as a non-human entity the ancient Greeks believed that Gods and Goddesses were similar to that of humans and the only distinction was that Gods were immortal and humans were mortal. He challenged openly the concept of divinity proposed by Homer and put forward his ideas of Go d through his poetic approach. He noticed the corrupt behaviorRead MoreEssay on Philosophy1146 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy Philosophy started when human beings started to ask questions, about how and what things are actually, due to curiosity. The things that caused these questions to come about were the people started to realize that everything isn’t exactly what it appears to be. Philosophy started in the town of Miletus, many early philosophers came from here. The philosophers started their work around 585 B.C. Thales, one of the early Miletus philosophers, left no writings behind, all we knowRead MoreGreek Contributions Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesMajor Greek contributions include astronomy, optics, and acoustics, along with major advances in mathematics. Science in ancient Greece was based on logical thinking and mathematics. The Greeks were very interested to know about the world, the heavens, and themselves. Greek geniuses were articulate thinkers. (Pg. 55, Society and Technological Change) The Greek philosophers were very much drawn to mathematics. They invented its generality, analyzed its premises, and made notable discoveriesRead MoreEssay about Ancient Athens1399 Words   |  6 PagesAncient Athens The last Olympic swimmer just touched the wall and the race has ended. Cameras are replaying every single movement from the race and a winner has been clearly decided. Just as these Olympic swimmers will gain a medal for placing, ancient Athens had numerous accomplishments of its own. Athens â€Å"prosperity †¦ was due in large part to its stable and effective government† (SOURCE 1). When analyzing the history of ancient Athens, is easy to see how the accomplishments of a democracyRead MoreThe Era Between 350 And 310 Bc929 Words   |  4 PagesThe era between 350 and 310 BC marked a dramatic change in the Western World from the first, classical Hellenic Age of the Greeks, to the second, Hellenistic Age of the Greek Civilization. This classical period was considered the height of Greek civilization and deemed â€Å"The Golden Age† of ancient Greece. The polis (Greek city-state) was the center of Greek political life for the majority of this period. The poleis were small, independent, and self-sufficient; however, too politically divided to surviveRead MoreThe Time Of Aristotle s Theory On Religion And The Understanding Of The Universe1383 Words   |  6 Pagesbreakthrough is a change in the way that people thought about the big questions of the day. Instead of basing theories on religious notions and first principles, men like Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton sought real answers that could be tested and supported by evidence. With this methodology, these men challenged classical sources of knowledge and altered classical interpretations of nature. Ancient cultures such as the Babylonians, Egyptians, and the Greeks all had huge impactsRead MoreEver since the beginning of time there have been stars. Not only stars in the sky, but moons,1700 Words   |  7 Pagespeople to keep astronomical records where the Akkadians (they lived in what is later known as the northern part of Babylon). The earliest date is from around 2,500 B.C. The ancient Akkadian priests were the first to record these astronomical records. They recorded these records because it helped them predict some of the Sun’s motions, and the Earth’s moons, and the stars. These records included observations of the daily, monthly, and yearly positions of the stars and planets. These records explainedRead MoreDescartes: Knowledge is Truth Essay1202 Words   |  5 Pageswere changing, and with that change, came a new change in thought, a new change in philosophy. Apart from ancient Greek philosophy, which was centered on finding order in a vast variety of thi ngs by searching for a fundamental amalgamating principle, Descartes sought to establish order via some fundamental division. Descartes understands and expresses that what we know about our mind is more definite than what we know about the world outside our mind. Descartes’ philosophy is completely different fromRead MoreAristotle vs. Copernicus1501 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle vs. Copernicus Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist, who shared with Plato the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers. Aristotle was born at Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of a physician to the royal court. At the age of 17, he went to Athens to study at Platos Academy. He remained there for about 20 years, as a student and then as a teacher. When Plato died in 347 bc , Aristotle moved to Assos, a city in Asia Minor, where a friend of his, Hermias (dRead MoreThe Impact of Scientific Revolution on Physics as an Independent Field of Study1214 Words   |  5 Pagesas the â€Å"scientific revolution† for the drastic changes evidenced approach to science . The word â€Å"revolution† connotes a period of turmoil and social upheaval where ideas about the world change severely and a completely new era of academic thought is ushered in. This term, therefore, describes quite accurately what took place in the scientific community following the sixteenth century. During the scientific revolution, medieval scientific philosophy was abandoned in favor of the new methods proposed

Scarlet letter and ministers b Essay Example For Students

Scarlet letter and ministers b Essay In every difference there is also some sort of similarity. This is true with anything on earth. This is also obvious in literature. The novel the Scarlet Letter and the short story â€Å"The Ministers Black Veil† are very different, but in every way they’re different they can be shown alike also. One example of this is the writing style of the two stories. They are different. The obvious difference is the Scarlet Letter is a novel but the â€Å"Ministers Black Veil† is a short story. The stories take place in two completely different places. Also the people portrayed have different roles in society showing that the writing of both is diverse and yet they are the same. How? that is the question. Both stories are written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. In both of the stories he has a style in which he gives vague descriptions and sets the scene. Then he flows into the story. Also both the stories deal with religion and sin which is from the main character. Also the sin is represented by a piece of cloth and this is very effective and is included in hawthornes writing style. Speaking of Characters that is another difference between the two stories. The most obvious difference is the sex of the characters. The minister being a guy and Hester a female. Also the nature of the Characters sin is different. Hester being an adulteress and the ministers sin being unknown. Also the item used in representation of their sin is different. Hester had the elaborately stitched and extremely colorful and pretty letter where the minister had a veil a plain black veil. The profession of each was different hester being a seamstress the minister being well a minister. And heste r came out of this whole thing with a kid the minister didn’t. In every difference you find a likeness as seen in the characters of the stories. Obviously both have sinned and both cover this sin up with cloth. They both sorta frightening the rest of the town which is interesting because only one becomes outkasted. But both of them lose relationships. Hester loses her husband, the minister loses his fiance. The conclusion is no matter how much difference you see between two things there is also a lot of likeness. Just two aspects the characters and the writing style provide many similarities and many differences.

Homeless Women Demographics and Interventions Essay Example

Homeless Women: Demographics and Interventions Essay Homeless Women: Demographics and Interventions Introduction Typically I only see men on the streets begging; however the number of homeless women is increasing, especially homeless women with children. In this paper I will focus on homeless women by defining this issue and discussing the demographics of the women. I will address the types of interventions that have been implemented to help homeless women. Then I will discuss what research still needs to be done concerning homeless women. Finally, I will suggest which social services and social policies should be considered for further intervention and how these suggestions support the core social work values. Characteristics and Demographics Homelessness can be defined as a person without a home. One cause of homelessness among women is domestic violence. Domestic violence within low income households has been reported as a primary cause of homelessness in women. Often times, women in low income housing who are a victim of domestic violence and find themselves with no where to go, do not have appropriate education or job skills to find employment. Other causes of homelessness can include mental illnesses, depression, and poor health (Chambers, 1999). These can lead to homelessness among women and restrict women in finding proper, affordable housing. The population of homeless women is made up of all ages, races, and ethnicities. Generally, most of the women come from low income households before they become homeless. An average homeless woman is about 35 years old with at least two children (Chambers, 1999). Living in shelters or on the street is hard enough alone, but when you have to take care of children at the same time it can make it even harder. We will write a custom essay sample on Homeless Women: Demographics and Interventions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Homeless Women: Demographics and Interventions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Homeless Women: Demographics and Interventions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Almost 58 percent of all homeless people are African American and 29 percent are Caucasian (Chambers, 1999). With the majority of homeless people being African American most homeless women are oppressed based on their race and gender. This does not help these women advance toward being able to afford appropriate housing because they are discriminated against. â€Å"[I]n the greater gender inequalities in wages in rural areas, where women workers make only 50% of men’s wages for comparable work† (Cummins, 1998). Females and minority races have been known to earn lesser wages than those of white males, which is discrimination and helps eep women in poverty and homeless. In a study comparing urban homeless women and rural homeless women, there were several similarities. A majority of the women had been involved in domestic assaults or family conflicts (Cummins, 1998). However, there were also differences. Urban homeless women were more likely to be substance abusers and th ey had more cases of mental illnesses. Rural homeless women had more cases of economic causes for becoming homeless (Cummins, 1998). Prevalence and Incidence The best estimate of how many homeless people there are comes from the United States Census Bureau. This number is 1,300,311, or 16. 7 percent of the total population. Out of this number, 597,038 of all homeless people are women (United States Census Bureau, 2000). It is hard to estimate the number of new cases every year because that number changes everyday. Women can go in and out of periods of homelessness through out the year, so it is hard to maintain a good estimate of who is actually homeless and who is not (United States Census Bureau, 2000). Private Troubles For homeless women there are several private troubles that they may experience. Private troubles, what the individual goes through while experiencing problems (Longres, 2000), for homeless women can include several things. Homelessness among women subjects them to dangers on the streets or can lead to habits such as prostitution and drugs. Having to care for children would be another private trouble that homeless women would experience. Not being able to provide the basic necessities for ones children and ones self can lead to depression and hopelessness. Public Issues Public issues, or how the society experiences problems (Longres, 2000), include various types of issues. One issue concerning the society is the amount of tax dollars going to programs to help the poor and homeless. Society would also be concerned with drug addictions that the homeless may have and worried about that bringing more drugs into the community. Also certain communities, typically major cities, would be worried about the stigma and reputation that homeless people create by sitting with signs at intersections or sleeping next to buildings. Transactional Perspective The transactional perspective suggests that people are embedded in their social context or environment (Longres, 2000). This can relate to homeless women by looking at how their private issues can be caused by their environment. If a woman’s environment consists of an abusive relationship, low income housing; only a high school education and no job skills she is at higher risk to becoming homeless. All of these things can lead to depression and other illnesses and eventually can help lead to homelessness. If a woman lives in such an environment, it more than likely can lead to a variety of negative private issues including homelessness. Interventions There have been several suggestions, organizations, policies and programs developed to help the homeless. However the most common strategies, which include shelters and government assistance, appear to only be short term or temporary and do not solve the issue. Although being temporary, shelters have been important in certain ways besides just being a place to sleep. Staff workers at shelters also helped the women with raising their self esteem and helped them to better deal with their emotions (Toohey, 2004). The workers at shelters helped the women’s emotional state at a critical time in their lives when they have no one else. Multiple-family groups (MFGs) were developed to help families who were homeless or at risk of becoming homeless. The participating families were recommended to the MFG’s by their shelter case workers to attend weekly meetings. These groups also attended weekend retreats to help strengthen families and to encourage families to have fun together. The majority of families, 57 percent, were African American and 77 percent of the families consisted of single mothers with children. The staff of the retreat included several social workers. The weekend retreat had four areas that they concentrated on. These areas were, building trust, effective communication, managing stress, and decision making responsibilities. Overall, â€Å"[t]he weekend retreat appears to provide the necessary conditions from which social support can be built and an opportunity for families to reduce their feelings of isolation, anxiety, and helplessness† (Davey, 2004). This retreat helps families realize that they are not alone in their situation. It gives them hope and reassurance that they will be alright. Several of the families involved did not complete the full eight weeks of this program because they had found proper and affordable housing and moved (Davey, 2004). Another type of intervention or prevention that has been suggested is for women to use their social networks, which consist of family members and friends. It is suggested that the women should move in with friends and family members when they are struggling to prevent becoming homeless. However, in most cases, women who are poor and on the verge of homelessness do not have strong social networks to depend on. The most problematic difference between women who are homeless and housed may actually be that women who are homeless, and their network members, lack access to adequate and affordable housing. † (Toohey, 2004, p. 12). This states that if low economic statuses occur within one member of the network there is a large possibility that other members will not be able to help with housing because they do not have pro per shelter themselves. Further Research and Intervention Suggestions Eliminating the issue of homelessness throughout the world would be a good thing as would be eliminating every other problem. However, this feels impossible. I believe that the first step to solving any social problem is public awareness and knowing the facts. While trying to research the issue of homeless women, I found a very limited amount of information. Several journals claimed that homeless women are an increasing population, but there still has been little research concerning it. I believe that there should be more research about what is being done to help assist single homeless women, especially those with children. There are several laws and policies in place today that deal with homelessness. The government keeps saying that they want to help the poor, yet they keep taking away from funds that help assist the poor. There have been laws made against begging and sleeping on the streets (Lynch, 2002). If they have no home and all of the shelters are full, homeless people have no place to go to sleep except for a park or other public area. My suggestion would be for the government and the society as a whole to come together and help not only the homeless, but also everyone who is below or near the poverty line. We should come together to help make housing and food affordable to those who can not afford it. Without more affordable housing there will always be homeless people. We should have more programs to get the homeless employment and housing and empower them to do well for themselves and their families. We need to reach out as a community to help in any way that we can. We need to make poverty more visible, because it does exist whether we acknowledge it or not and many of our neighbors suffer everyday. Social Work Values These suggestions support social work values in the sense that they are interested in helping others. Two values that these suggestions relate to directly are service and social justice. The service value addresses helping people who face problems and the social justice value is concerned with social change concerning oppressed groups (Longres, 2000). Social work values concentrate on helping people in need at critical times in their lives, just like the suggestions I have made above. Conclusion The growing population of homeless women is becoming a concern among researchers. Defining the characteristics of a homeless woman can vary among all races and ages. Main reasons why homeless women exist consist of domestic violence, mental illnesses, and eviction. There are some interventions in place that help prevent and end homelessness among women, but there is still work to be done. There also needs to be more research invested into this social problem and stronger interventions. Finally, social work values go in hand with how we need to treat the homeless population as a whole and individually. References Chambers, S.. (1999). How any person on the street can help a street person. [Electronic Version] The Humanist, 59, 21-26. Retrieved November 5th, 2005, from InfoTrac OneFile database. Cummins, L. K. , First R. J. , and Toomey B. G.. (1998). Comparisons of rural and urban homeless women. Electronic Version] Affilia Journal of Women and Social Work, 13, 435-450. Retrieved November 15th, 2005, from InfoTrac OneFile database. Davey, T. L. (2004). A multiple-family group intervention for homeless families: the weekend retreat. (practice forum). [Electronic Version] Health and Social Work, 29, 326-330. Retrieved November 17th, 2005, from Inf oTrac OneFile database. Longres, J. F. (2000). Human Behavior in the Social Environment. Itasca, Illinois: F. E. Peacock Publishers, Inc. Lynch, P. (2002). Begging for change: homelessness and the law. [Electronic Version], Melbourne University Law Review, 26, 690-707. Retrieved October 31st, 2005, from InfoTrac OneFile database. Toohey, S. M. , Shinn M. , Weitzman B. C. (2004). Social networks and homelessness among women heads of household.. [Electronic Version] American Journal of Community Psychology, 33, 7-21. Retrieved November 5th, 2005, from InfoTrac OneFile database. United States Census Bureau, (2000). Qt-p12. Group Quarters Population by Sex, Age, and Type of Group Quarters:2000. Retrieved November 13th, 2005, from U. S. Census Bureau: American Fact Finder Web site: http://factfinder. census. gov. Retrieved November 14th, 2005.

Exploring the genre and style of the Political Interview Essay Example

Exploring the genre and style of the Political Interview Essay Example Exploring the genre and style of the Political Interview Paper Exploring the genre and style of the Political Interview Paper Politics is an area in society which is accepted as an important aspect of our lives. It governs our country and, as a result, affects how we conduct our everyday affairs. Since the commercial availability of television, politicians have had the opportunity to express party views, promote their manifesto and justify controversial actions. Live interviews have allowed the nation to put forward questions they want answered, significantly progressing the basis on who we decide to vote for to govern our country. These interviews are perhaps most notable on Newsnight, hosted by Jeremy Paxman. Paxman became a presenter of Newsnight in 1989 and has since been a pioneer in the interrogative style used to unnerve his interviewees. This topic is of particular interest due to the nature of the interaction between a representative of the audience (the interviewer) and the politician. In many cases, it is evident that politicians adopt a tactful stance when answering questions in order to prevent perceptions and retain popularity. Interviews often gain entertainment value when questions are put forward that place the interviewee in a difficult stance, and more so when an attempt is made to divert the topic to suit the interviewees position. This is a typical method used in order to gain control of conversation, and power struggles for the ownership of a conversation are regularly detectable. Studying this topic will allow an analysis of the interviews to be made. This can help determine whether language used conforms to the ideas of theorists such as Tannen, who states that, for men, the world is a competitive place in which conversation and speech must be used to build status or gain the upper hand. Trudgills theories can also be explored; in particular, his belief that men would often use a low prestige pronunciation thereby seeking covert prestige by appearing tough or down to earth. Hypothesis Both Paxman and the political interviewees will display typical male speech to gain dominance and authority over the conversation. Aims The aims will be to: Investigate how male language is used to assert ownership of a conversation Compare my findings with research on male gender language from theorists such as Tannen and Trudgill. Methodology For this investigation, secondary source data was gained in the form of two individual transcripts of Newsnight interviews between Paxman and George Galloway and Theresa May. These were obtained from the internet as opposed to being recorded from live programmes for numerous reasons. Firstly, the recording of transcripts is time consuming, thus meaning it would not have been viable to collect primary data from live programmes. Researching readily available transcripts allowed a range of interviews to be read, meaning the most linguistically interesting extracts could be used. Five possible transcripts were collected, and of that, two were chosen for further analysis. A male politician and female politician were used in order to gauge differences, if any, in the language style used, and whether this had a profound effect on the effectiveness of dominance in conversation. Had two male politicians been selected, it would have been hard to conclude that the language used was typically male as there would be no reference for comparison. Despite the fact that only qualitative data will be used, the analysis that can be made from these sources will be sufficient in meeting the aims and proving or disproving the hypothesis. Quantitative data is largely irrelevant for this investigation. To ensure validity, the transcripts have all been sourced from the reputable news websites. The BBC is the producer of Newsnight, so there is little chance of alteration or manipulation of the transcripts to portray a subjective view. The BBC is also fairly reputable in their political neutrality. This cannot be said for The Telegraph, where Theresa Mays transcript was sourced. However, both Theresa May and The Telegraph hold conservative views and therefore alteration is also unlikely. In terms of the ethicality of the data collected, the participants, being Jeremy Paxman and the three politicians, would have been aware that they were being filmed and broadcasted. Therefore, their consent would have been given at the time they were recorded and quoting extracts from the transcript will be ethical. In order to satisfy my aims, I will explore a variety of qualities that make up the linguistic framework such as the interactional, grammatical, lexic-semantic, syntactical and phonological features. Analysis The first data extract is from a Newsnight interview between Jeremy Paxman and George Galloway on the 5th May 2005. The interview was conducted shortly after George Galloway gained a seat for the left wing political party Respect in Bethnal Green and Bow, replacing Labour MP, Oona King. Paxman initiates conversation by addressing the audience with the clause Were now joined from his count in Bethnal Green and Bow by George Galloway. The contraction were provides unity and sense of cohesion between the interviewer and audience, perhaps done so in order to entice prejudicial bias. The question are you proud of having got rid of the very few black women Parliament is then asked. The adjective proud infers a sense of pleasure or satisfaction over a particular action, which Galloway dismisses immediately with the simple sentence What a preposterous question. This matter of fact statement allows Galloway to gain high ground as it addresses the absurdity of what is essentially an accusation of racism. As a result, a role reversal can be seen. Galloway uses the personal pronoun you to pose a question towards Paxman. This is perhaps the first clear evidence of a battle of ownership of the conversation and conforms to aspects of Tannens theory. She argues that conversation for most men is a primary means to preserve independence, and negotiate and maintain status in a hierarchical social order, opting for a report stance as opposed to a females rapport stance. A battle for social hierarchy can be seen when Paxman avoids answering the question, with the ironic and somewhat hypocritical reply Youre not answering that one?. According to Tannen, competition for status drives men; therefore they are more at ease with conflict. Galloway proves this theory when conflict arises after telling Paxman to move on to [his] next question. The imperative command move acts as an order, thus challenging Paxmans control over the interview. This can be supported with Tannens theory of male language using orders, whilst women would use proposal s to communicate a desire. A bid for higher status can be seen when Galloway states If you ask that question again, Im going, I warn you now. This goes against the norm of interview etiquette in that the interviewer has been challenged. The response Dont try and threaten me Mr Galloway, please reveals numerous techniques in attempt to restore protocol. The verb try suggests Galloway failed in issuing the threat. Furthermore, the use of the title Mr and the politicians surname is excessively formal for use during the middle of the conversation, perhaps done so to assert prestige. This could have also been done in attempt to belittle Galloway, yet this is undermined by the adverb please. This changes the sentence from a command to a request, and the position of the word at the end infers an afterthought from Paxman. Galloway diffuses the intensity of the exchanges by replacing the verb threaten with badger Youre the one whos trying to badger me. The connotation of annoyance from this word infers the severity of the interview is little more than a quarrel to Galloway. This could be a dismissive strategy to highlight Paxmans trivial retaliations. Towards the end of the interview, Jeremy Paxman again insinuates that Galloways motives were to insight racial tensions. At this point, George Galloway deviates from response and again directly confronts the questioning- You are actually conducting one the most even by your standards one of the most absurd interviews I have ever participated in. Use of the parenthesis even by your standards shows Galloway is aware of the language techniques Paxman employs, as if trying to lure the interviewee into giving a desired response. This indicates the demise of the interview as the off topic nature shows a refusal to answer. An attempt to win authority of the conversation is made with the simple sentence I have just won an election. This comes as a declaration of power and popularity, which arguably, portrays Galloway in an egotistical light, yet proves supremacy nevertheless. Paxmans response Im not insulting them, Im not insulting you displays subtle male gender language. The contraction Im leans towards Covert prestige, a theory first introduced by William Labov. The language, despite being inferior to the formal I am, suggests a more secure and less socially aspirational stance, conveying a tough or down to earth message. Peter Trudgills research in the 1970s into language and social class also comes to similar conclusions in regard to covert prestige. The role reversal of questions by the interviewee and answers by the interviewer continues as Galloway asks for congratulations on his victory. Paxmans response is one of obedience, and offers his congratulations, possibly to appease Galloway and regain focus. However, before the next question can be presented, the politician thanks Paxman before removing his microphone and leaving the studio. Due to this, the language used towards the end is perhaps misleading, giving the impression that Galloway successfully used male language to assert dominance. However, the hasty exit infers escaping any more questioning, and consequently, it could be assumed Paxman retained higher ground. The second extract is between BBC Newsnight interviewer Jeremy Paxman and Theresa May in which the home secretary repeatedly refused to disclose whether she knew in advance about George Osbornes child benefit announcement. When Jeremy questions May when was this policy actually cooked up?when did you first learn about [the policy]?, the politician responds Well, you use terms like cooked up as if somehow this was just something that was done on the back of an envelope. Well serves as a hedge word which Robin Lakoff (1975) classified as a key assumption of language used by women. Doing so gives an appearance of weakness yet it could equally be an indication of respect for the other speaker by offering some courtesy. Another key assumption that can be identified in this initial response is the intensifier just. The use of the verb before the adverb something de-intensifies meaning and infers that Paxmans questioning was irrational. The confidence of May is undermined by her inability to express her thoughts as she starts This is, we have been having to make before being interrupted by Paxman. This conforms to the idea of the Dominance Theory, in that in mixed-sex conversations, men are more likely to interrupt than women. In this sense, it is evident that male language has been used to gain an authoritative stance whilst Theresa May appears weak upon initial impression. The interruptions from Paxman continue throughout the interview with the repetition of the question When did you first hear about it?. Mays response deviates from what the interviewer wants by trying to put across the information she desires instead. Whilst answering with Tax and benefit decisions, use of the additional phrase as you well know suggests Paxman is playing a game for entertainment value. In this sense, Theresa may gains an improved stance over the conversation as it is suggested to the audience that Paxman holds no real substance to his questioning. In a tactful reply, Paxman puts questioning on hold by making the conclusive statement So you first heard about it on breakfast television yesterday?. After Mays reply no, interruption and the same questioning is then continued, giving the impression of a futility in Theresas avoidance. Paxman later introduces the same question, beginning with Now. This preposition of time shows Paxmans want of immediacy and quickening of pace. This could perhaps be an impatience developing from the interviewee, which would contradict the belief that he has control over the conversation. Another technique Paxman uses is referring to May as a senior member of government. This choice in mode of address reminds the audience of the politicians position. The connotations of power and intellect are intertwined, and thus failure to answer gives the damaging impression to the audience that she is not fitting for her job. Mays perceived level of intellect is again weakened when Paxman asks for the final time my question is, obviously, did you know in advance. The adverb obviously conveys a demeaning tone, and is used to summarise the theme of the interview. Despite this, Theresa May remains relentless in avoiding to give a direct response. Ownership of the conversation is arguably the interviewers as a result of this, yet Paxmans failure to withdraw the desired information perhaps suggests otherwise. Furthermore, when Paxman states you havent tried to give me a date so far, May seizes upon the opportunity to make a humorous response Oh, youre asking me for a date, Jeremy?. This alteration in level of tone is in recognition of the fact the interview has become trivial, and the laughter that follows from both members indicates a transition to informality. As a result, it can be deduced that possession of authority remains disputed. The interjection of humour does however conflict with Lakoffs belief of a lack of sense of humour from women, and thus the appropriateness of theories can be questioned. Conclusion From the two extracts, there is strong evidence to suggest that the ownership of a conversation is very much determined by the use of typical male speech. In data extract one, between two males, the struggle for dominance is apparent, and both members employ a variety of linguistic techniques in order to do gain high ground. Covert prestige and want of status are both seen which conforms to ideas from theorists such as Tannen and Labov. However, more subtle features such as use of personal pronouns were used in gaining authority. In comparison, extract two between Paxman and May shows a more weighted conclusion towards Paxman in ownership. Theresa May, despite successfully avoiding answering Paxman, showed several weaknesses which can be highlighted in her initial response of the extract. Use of hedging and intensifiers revealed insecurity in her position within the interview, and the inability to confront the repetitive questions suggests a defensive position. Consequently, the findings concur with the hypothesis in that male language is used to assert ownership of a conversation. When two males are in conversation, ownership is hard to distinguish whilst between a male and female, analysis suggests it is generally one sided. Overall, the theories do apply to the analysis that is made, but it is inevitable that language traits from both genders will be seen in all speech, as the humour from Theresa May proved. Evaluation The choice of two extracts allowed me to gain an in depth analysis on the language used in more that once case, thus improving the reliability of my findings and allowing me to establish generalisations. However, the level of analysis was limited in that only one male-male extract and one male-female extract was used. It was my intention to include a mixed gender interview, despite the aims being male language orientated, so the effectiveness of male language in asserting authority could be gauged against a control (female language). Yet the use of two extracts means that generalisations cant realistically be drawn from the findings. Use of a third extract would have allowed me to confirm concordance in analysis making the results more valid. Having said this, it can be assumed that interviewers, in this case Jeremy Paxman, do not always dictate the way an interview is conducted, as politicians deviate from questions posed by stating information that helps their political stance, despite this often being irrelevant. This investigation does help contribute to the idea that men still retain an air of dominance in language use, perhaps suggesting men and women are not on a level playing field in the practice of, in this case, politics. However, due to the limitations in the amount of data used, such an assumption is questionable. The fact that women do play a very large part in politics in modern society poses the question are male language traits adopted by females in order to establish equality, or are other techniques used to earn powerful positions. This would be a possible avenue for future research. Some would say the use of language to express an idea is extraneous, but rather it is the significance and quality of the idea that gains a position of authority.